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Compares the scientific management, human resources and socio‐technological systems approaches to management to identify the fundamental characteristics, and limitations, of each. It shows that changes in society, and corresponding expectations of workers, render each of these approaches obsolete. Attempts to show that TQM adopts the best features of each and synthesizes them into a more complete and coherent way of managing processes and people.
Mohanty et al. (Thu,) studied this question.