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Copper phthalocyanine/C60/2,9- dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline/Ag heterojunction organic solar cells are grown on low-cost SnO2–F-coated glass using organic vapor-phase deposition (see figure). The bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cell with nanoscale CuPc protrusions shows a 2.5 % power-conversion efficiency under 1 sun illumination. The high efficiency in BHJ solar cells is attributed to the increased exciton dissociation efficiency at the CuPc/C60 interface.
Yang et al. (Thu,) studied this question.