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This article discusses the FTC's 1983 policy statement on the meaning of deception. It places the statement in historical context and discusses the relations between the statement and other FTC documents, including the 1980 policy statement on unfairness and recent FTC opinions in consumer protection cases. Considerable attention is given to the specific elements of deception, the concrete meaning of those elements, and likely implications for future policy and for the role of consumer research.
Ford et al. (Tue,) studied this question.