Role of GLP Agonists in treatment of diabetes and metabolic disorders: A review of underlying mechanisms

AbstractGlucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonists have emerged as a pivotal class of therapeutics inthe management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity. These agents mimicendogenous GLP-1, a gut-derived incretin hormone that regulates glucose homeostasis byenhancing insulin secretion, suppressing glucagon release, and slowing gastric emptying. Byimproving postprandial glycemic control without increasing the risk of hypoglycemia, GLP-1agonists offer a significant advantage over traditional antidiabetic medications. Beyondglycemic control, GLP-1 agonists play a crucial role in weight management. They exertcentral appetite-suppressing effects by acting on the hypothalamus, leading to reduced caloricintake and sustained weight loss. This dual action makes them particularly beneficial forindividuals with obesity, with or without diabetes. Clinical trials have demonstrated thatGLP-1 receptor agonists such as liraglutide and semaglutide not only improve metabolicparameters but also reduce cardiovascular risks, including hypertension and dyslipidemia.The therapeutic potential of GLP-1 agonists extends to neuroprotection, inflammationmodulation, and possible applications in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Despitetheir benefits, side effects such as gastrointestinal discomfort and cost-related barriers limitwidespread use. Ongoing research aims to develop next-generation GLP-1-based therapieswith improved efficacy, longer half-lives, and enhanced tolerability. In conclusion, GLP-1agonists represent a breakthrough in managing T2DM and obesity, offering a multifacetedapproach that addresses both metabolic and cardiovascular complications. Their continue/ development holds promise for broader applications in metabolic and chronic diseasemanagement.