The Murine and Human Cholesterol 7α-Hydroxylase Gene Promoters Are Differentially Responsive to Regulation by Fatty Acids Mediated via Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor α

We determined if fatty acids can regulate the murine Cyp7a1 and human CYP7A1 gene promoters via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha)/9-cis-retinoic acid receptor alpha (RXRalpha). In transfected cells, the murine Cyp7a1 gene promoter displayed markedly lower basal activity, but greater sensitivity to fatty acid- or WY 14,643-activated PPARalpha/RXRalpha when compared with the human CYP7A1 gene promoter. PPARalpha/RXRalpha can bind to a site (Site II) located within the region at nucleotides -158 to -132 of both promoters. Mutagenesis of the human CYP7A1 Site II element abolished the response to activated PPARalpha/RXRalpha. The murine Cyp7a1 gene promoter contains an additional PPARalpha/RXRalpha-binding site (Site I) located within nucleotides -72 to -57. Replacement of a single residue in human CYP7A1 Site I with that found in the murine Cyp7a1 Site I sequence enabled PPARalpha/RXRalpha binding, and this mutation resulted in reduced basal activity, but substantially improved the response to activated PPARalpha/RXRalpha in transfected cells. We conclude that fatty acids can regulate the cyp7a gene promoter via PPARalpha/RXRalpha. The differential response of the murine Cyp7a1 and human CYP7A1 gene promoters to PPARalpha activators is attributable to the additional PPARalpha/RXRalpha-binding site in the murine Cyp7a1 gene promoter.