The Spread of Agro-Pastoral Economies across Mediterranean Europe

The transition to food production in Portugal begins with the arrival of cardial pottery and domesticates, an event that can be date to the time period between 6800 and 6200 BP. These items are found in sites located in the northern part of Estremadura. Contemporaneous hunter-gatherer adaptions are known to have continued their development up to c. 6000 BP in areas located further south, centered in the inner part of the estuaries of the rivers Tejo, Sado and Mira. This pattern is interpreted as indicating that the onset of agro-pastoral economies is linked to the arrival of small groups of settlers that, through interaction with local hunters, are at the origins of the subsequent expansion (completed about one thousand years later) of these economies to the rest of Portuguese territory. The archaeological evidence from Southern Spain and Southern France commonly invoked by proponents of models of the transition to food production as the result of the domestication of local resources or of the acquisition of novel resources by local hunters through long-distance exchange systems is shown to be flawed. Severe disturbances at the Mesolithic/Neolithic interface at the stratigraphic sequences upon which models are based - sometimes not recognized by the excavators, but documented either by subsequent work or by critical evaluation of the site reports - can be shown to have occurred. Such disturbances would account well for the radiocarbon dates between 8000 and 7000 BP obtained at some of those sites, as well as for the presence of sheep bones in their pre-Neolithic strata.