Single-Bond Torsional Potentials in Conjugated Systems:  A Comparison of ab Initio and Density Functional Results

The fully relaxed single-bond torsional potentials in typical conjugated systems were evaluated with the aid of ab initio self-consistent-field and Møller−Plesset second-order calculations and, additionally, with several recently developed variants of the density functional theory. For this systematic investigation, 1,3-butadiene, styrene, biphenyl, 2,2‘-bithiophene, 2,2‘-bipyrrole and 2,2‘-bifuran have been selected as model molecules. As representative examples for nonconjugated systems, the molecules n-butane and 1-butene have been treated at the very same calculational levels. For all conjugated molecules, the electron correlation corrections to the self-consistent-field torsional potentials, as obtained with the density functional methods, are dramatically different from those resulting from the more conventional Møller−Plesset second-order approximation. For those cases where experimental data for torsional barriers are available, the self-consistent-field and the Møller−Plesset second-order results agree reasonably, whereas the density functional results consistently predict too large barriers. This behavior is most probably caused by an overestimation of the stability of the planar π-systems by the density functional theory variants in question.