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Abstract Secure communication is critical in military environments in which the network infrastructure is vulnerable to various attacks and compromises. A conventional centralized solution breaks down when the security servers are destroyed by the enemies. In this paper we design and evaluate a security framework for multilevel ad hoc wireless networks with unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). In battlefields, the framework adapts to the contingent damages on the network infrastructure. Depending on the availability of the network infrastructure, our design is composed of two modes. In infrastructure mode , security services, specifically the authentication services, are implemented on UAVs that feature low overhead and flexible managements. When the UAVs fail or are destroyed, our system seamlessly switches to infrastructureless mode , a backup mechanism that maintains comparable security services among the surviving units. In the infrastructureless mode, the security services are localized to each node's vicinity to comply with the ad hoc communication mechanism in the scenario. We study the instantiation of these two modes and the transitions between them. Our implementation and simulation measurements confirm the effectiveness of our design. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Kong et al. (Thu,) studied this question.