An Economic Analysis of Developmental Detection Methods

OBJECTIVE: To assess the costs and benefits of various approaches to early detection of developmental disabilities. DESIGN: Cost-benefit analyses based on data from previously published studies of developmental screening tests. SETTING: General pediatric practices and day care centers. PATIENTS AND OTHER PARTICIPANTS: A total of 247 parents and their 0- to 6-year-old children-103 from day care centers and 144 from pediatric practices. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Licensed psychological examiners administered a screening test of parents' concerns about children's development and one or two direct screening tests: the Denver-II and/or the Battelle Developmental Inventory Screening Test. For the day care sample, examiners also administered to each child measures of intelligence, adaptive behavior, and language. In the pediatric sample, children were administered additional assessments. At the same time, diagnostic measures were administered to a randomly selected subsample to make determinations about developmental status. Each screening method was evaluated for its short-term costs (administration, interpretation, diagnosis, and treatment) and long-term benefits (impact of early intervention on adult functioning as inferred from longitudinal studies by other researchers). RESULTS: When the long-term costs and benefits were considered, none of the approaches emerged as markedly superior to another. When viewing the short-term costs, the various screening approaches differed markedly. The use of parents' concerns was by far the least costly for physicians to administer and interpret. CONCLUSION: Physicians can incur tremendous expenses when attempting to detect children with developmental problems. Although the benefits of early detection and intervention are substantial, physicians are not well-compensated for providing a critical service to society. Health policymakers and third-party payers must reconsider their minimal investment in early detection by health care providers. Nevertheless, our findings have encouraging implications for practice, because the use of parents' concerns as a screening technique offers substantial savings over and above other methods.