Cardiovascular Events after Community-Acquired Pneumonia: A Global Perspective with Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies

Acute cardiovascular disease after community-acquired pneumonia is a well-accepted complication for which definitive treatment strategies are lacking. These complications share some common features but have distinct diagnostic and treatment approaches. We therefore undertook an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies reporting the incidence of overall complications, acute coronary syndromes, new or worsening heart failure, new or worsening arrhythmias and acute stroke, as well as short-term mortality outcomes. To set a framework for future research, we further included a holistic review of the interplay between the two conditions. From 1984 to 2019, thirty-nine studies were accrued, involving 92,188 patients, divided by setting (inpatients versus outpatients) and clinical severity (low risk versus high risk). Overall cardiac complications occurred in 13.9% (95% confidence interval (CI) 9.6–18.9), acute coronary syndromes in 4.5% (95% CI 2.9–6.5), heart failure in 9.2% (95% CI 6.7–12.2), arrhythmias in 7.2% (95% CI 5.6–9.0) and stroke in 0.71% (95% CI 0.1–3.9) of pooled inpatients. During this period, meta-regression analysis suggests that the incidence of overall and individual cardiac complications is decreasing. After adjusting for confounders, cardiovascular events taking place after community-acquired pneumonia independently increase the risk for short-term mortality (range of odds-ratio: 1.39–5.49). These findings highlight the need for effective, large trial based, preventive and therapeutic interventions in this important patient population.