The rapid expansion of digital technologies has created a highly interconnected global environment that supports communication, commerce, healthcare, and critical infrastructure. However, this connectivity has significantly increased exposure to cyber threats, including ransomware, phishing attacks, advanced persistent threats, and distributed denial-of-service attacks. Traditional security models are no longer sufficient to address the complexity and scale of modern cyber risks. This paper examines the evolving threat landscape, analyzes contemporary vulnerabilities in cloud computing, Internet of Things (IoT), and artificial intelligence systems, and explores advanced cyber defense strategies such as zero-trust architecture, threat intelligence, and multi-layered security frameworks. The study emphasizes the importance of proactive risk management, regulatory compliance, and collaborative defense mechanisms to ensure resilience and sustainability in an interconnected digital world.
Chavan et al. (Mon,) studied this question.