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We demonstrated a monolithic nonplanar ring oscillator (NPRO) with a piezo-electric tuning range of 3.5 GHz with 192 volts applied, corresponding to a tuning coefficient of 18.2 MHz/volt. Useful bandwidth was limited by a resonance at 338 kHz and an anti-resonance at 420 kHz. This performance was achieved by making the NPRO small, with a small distance between the piezo-electric transducer and the laser beam, and by using a piezo-electric material with favorable properties. This large frequency modulation range and wide frequency modulation bandwidth, combined with unsurpassed coherence and high power, make this an attractive laser for frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) LIDAR. The tested laser provides over 500 mW at 1064 nm. Comparable performance will be possible at the eye-safe Nd:YAG wavelength of 1319 nm.
Kane et al. (Fri,) studied this question.