Indian civilization is recognized as one of the oldest and most influential civilizations in human history. Over thousands of years, it has developed a vast body of knowledge that reflects a deep commitment to intellectual exploration, innovation, and holistic understanding. Ancient India was not only known for its spiritual and philosophical traditions but also for its significant achievements in science and technology. Long before the establishment of modern research institutions, Indian scholars made noteworthy contributions to disciplines such as mathematics, astronomy, medicine, metallurgy, architecture, and engineering. The scientific traditions of ancient India played an important role in shaping global knowledge systems. Numerous ideas, discoveries, and methods that originated in the Indian subcontinent later influenced scientific developments in other parts of the world. Although many of these contributions have received international recognition, several aspects of India's scientific legacy remain insufficiently explored and continue to attract scholarly attention. The richness of this heritage demonstrates the close relationship between scientific inquiry, cultural values, and practical knowledge in Indian society. Among the most remarkable achievements of ancient India is the development of the concept of zero and the decimal place-value system. These innovations transformed mathematical thinking and provided the foundation for modern numerical computation. Scholars such as Aryabhata, along with many other mathematicians, astronomers, physicians, philosophers, and scientists, made pioneering contributions that advanced knowledge and promoted technological progress. Their work continues to be acknowledged as an important part of the world's intellectual heritage. This review paper examines the evolution of science and technology through the lens of Indian Knowledge Systems (IKS). It highlights the achievements of selected ancient Indian scholars and explores their contributions to the advancement of scientific thought and technological innovation. By revisiting these accomplishments, the study seeks to enhance understanding of India's rich scientific tradition and its enduring relevance to contemporary knowledge systems.
Bijaya Kumar Pradhan (Mon,) studied this question.