Background TEX10 is a nuclear protein involved in chromatin remodeling. Its pan-cancer diagnostic, prognostic, and immunotherapeutic value has not been systematically evaluated, and its role in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) remains unclear. Methods We employed TCGA and GTEx data for pan-cancer analysis of TEX10’s prognostic and immune associations, along with OSCC-specific clinical, diagnostic and survival correlations. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, GO/KEGG enrichment analysis and in vitro assays assessed its biological roles and effects on viability, migration, invasion, apoptosis and cell cycle. Results TEX10 was upregulated in 15 cancer types and served as a prognostic biomarker for multiple cancers. It was associated with dysregulation of the tumor immune microenvironment and significantly enriched in pathways including cell cycle and DNA replication. In oral squamous cell carcinoma, high TEX10 expression positively correlated with advanced clinical stage, TNM stage, and smoking history, demonstrating high diagnostic accuracy and prognostic value. In vitro experiments confirmed that TEX10 knockdown suppressed cell viability, migration, and invasion, promoted apoptosis. Similarly, TEX10 knockdown induced G0/G1 phase cell cycle arrest by downregulating Cyclin D1, CDK4, and upregulating p21. Conclusion TEX10 plays an important role in cell cycle progression in OSCC, showing promise as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target.
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