Abstract Intensive development of personalized medicine is opening up new possibilities for the development of regenerative medicine technologies and the translation of these developments into the clinic. One of the rapidly developing directions in creating new therapeutic approaches is the use of bioprinting for the fabrication of tissue and organ constructs. Particular attention is drawn to the development of skin equivalents capable of reproducing the complex architectural organization and functional properties of skin tissues. The review analyzes publications presented in the Scopus, PubMed, and RSCI databases, covering the fields of bioprinting, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine. Published data were used that are devoted to the development of biomaterials, 3D-bioprinting protocols, characteristics of bioprinted skin constructs, and results of both preclinical and clinical studies, relevant as of September 2025. The analysis showed that one of the most promising directions is the optimization of 3D-bioprinting of skin constructs based on the use of fibroblasts, keratinocytes, and innovative biomaterials such as hydrogels, collagen matrices, and GelMA. These technologies enable the creation of full-thickness, vascularized structures, ensuring sufficiently high accuracy of the spatial distribution of cells and support for the microenvironment necessary for tissue regeneration. Further studies on optimization of printing parameters, proper selection of bioink components, and integration of fibroblasts and other cellular components will allow more precise modeling of the dermal layers and stimulation of regeneration processes. The application of additional biological factors will contribute to the formation of a stable vascular network and better engraftment of constructs, which will significantly enhance the functional integration of printed constructs into the recipient tissue. Thus, the integration of advanced 3D-bioprinting methods, optimized bioinks, and multicellular constructs opens prospects for creating a new generation of skin equivalents, which will not only accelerate the regeneration process but also provide an aesthetically optimal outcome for patients suffering from severe burns, injuries, and other skin damage.
Saenko et al. (Mon,) studied this question.