The Effects of the Foster Care System on Academic Performance: A Literature Review

Youth involved in the foster care system face significant barriers that affect their educational attainment. This literature review examines the factors influencing educational and life outcomes among youth with foster care experience. A systematic search of peer-reviewed databases was conducted using keywords related to foster youth, educational attainment, postsecondary access, and transition to adulthood. Studies were included if they were full-text, peer-reviewed, and published between 2008 and 2025. A total of 33 studies met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed thematically to identify recurring patterns across the literature. Through this analysis, several key themes emerged, including intrinsic and external barriers, the effects of those barriers, including low academic attainment, increased risk of early parenthood and risky sexual behaviors, substance use vulnerabilities, and heightened risks of housing instability and incarceration after aging out of care. At the same time, the literature highlighted potential solutions and protective factors, including stable placements, trauma-informed education, campus support programs, and extended state support during the transition into adulthood. Together, these findings illustrate how structural issues and limited support systems can shape the educational trajectories of foster youth and identify policy interventions to improve outcomes.