Abstract Blockchain (BC) Technology is an important part of Industry 5.0 inventions for managing digital supply chains. The management of supply chains is a process of coordinating the smooth flow of goods, information and value from raw material to end user. With conventional supply chains facing increasing complexity, it is imperative that traceability and transparency be enhanced. By leveraging its unique features (e.g., being distributed, decentralized, immutable and transparent), BC technology has the potential to transform the supply chain sector. Prior studies analyze BC, smart contracts, Internet of Things (IoT), or Artificial Intelligence (AI) independently; this review integrates these fragmented strands into a unified, domain-specific perspective. The purpose of this review is to analyze the overall body of recent literature relative to the smart contracts, IoT, AI and consensus protocols for transparent and intelligent supply chain systems. Contributions made by this review include: (i) an overview of the challenges that exist within traditional supply chains and their respective domains; (ii) a discussion of the key enablers of BC that will enhance supply chain traceability and transparency; (iii) an explanation of how use of smart contracts, IoT and AI can address supply chain traceability and transparency problems; (iv) discussion of consensus algorithms, and on-chain/off-chain collaboration for supply chains; (v) an analysis of the theoretical, managerial and practical implications based on existing literature. The paper analyzed one hundred (100) studies published between 2019 to 2025. This research will provide essential knowledge to supply chain professionals regarding the potential of emerging technologies to establish a transparent Industry 5.0 supply chain infrastructure.
Siyal et al. (Mon,) studied this question.
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