Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly being used in modern medicine, influencing decision-making processes, diagnostics, treatment, education, and the organization of the healthcare system. Despite its significant potential for improving the quality and efficiency of medical care, the rapid development and implementation of new systems are associated with numerous and complex ethical challenges. The aim of this review is to analyze the current literature on the ethical aspects of the use of artificial intelligence in medicine, with particular emphasis on autonomy, transparency, privacy, and accountability. The review was conducted using the PubMed and SpringerLink databases and other reliable sources, covering publications from 2015 to 2025. The analysis included open-access peer-reviewed articles in English focusing on the ethical, clinical, and legal aspects of AI use in healthcare, and the selected publications were subjected to a detailed analysis. The results indicate that artificial intelligence can significantly improve clinical practice by increasing diagnostic accuracy and optimizing therapeutic processes. At the same time, significant ethical concerns remain, including the impact on patient and physician autonomy, limited transparency of systems, threats to patient privacy resulting from the processing of large datasets, and the lack of clear regulations regarding liability for decisions based on AI recommendations. The analysis also revealed interconnections between these areas. In summary, although artificial intelligence has enormous potential, its ethical implementation requires a human-centered approach, a clear regulatory framework, and interdisciplinary collaboration.
Musiał et al. (Thu,) studied this question.
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