Management of toxicities from immunotherapy: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up

Immunotherapy with monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) targeting cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA4) and the programmed death-1 receptor (PD-1) and its ligand PD-L1 has become standard of care for an increasing number of indications (Table 1). Therefore, an increasing number of patients will be exposed to these drugs with a chance of developing toxicities from these treatments. Depending on the immune checkpoint that is targeted, the incidence of toxicity varies. Toxicities from immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICPis) can be divided into infusion reactions and immune-related adverse events (irAEs) or adverse events of special interest (AEoSI).