Wetlands are vital ecosystems that provide critical provisioning, regulating, cultural, and supporting services that underpin biodiversity conservation and local livelihoods. Despite their importance, ecosystem service valuation is often overlooked in coastal wetland restoration, limiting recognition of their contributions to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). To address this gap and overcome methodological fragmentation in wetland assessments, this study develops the Integrated Ecosystem Valuation and Management of Wetlands (IEVMW) framework, which integrates the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA), Drivers–Pressures–State–Impact–Response (DPSIR) framework, IPCC climate risk assessment, and Total Economic Value (TEV) approaches into a unified methodology. The framework was applied to the Kol Wetlands in India to identify ecosystem services, assess climate-related risks, estimate economic values, and develop management recommendations. Results indicate that provisioning services contribute the highest economic value, followed by regulating and cultural services. Climate change was estimated to place approximately 11.7% and 13.0% of ecosystem service value at risk in North Kol and South Kol, respectively, corresponding to a combined economic value at risk of ₹42.9 crore, with provisioning services being the most vulnerable. The IEVMW framework provides a practical and scalable approach for linking ecosystem service valuation, climate risk assessment, and governance, thereby supporting climate-resilient wetland management and biodiversity conservation across diverse socio-environmental contexts.
Sathian et al. (Thu,) studied this question.