Code language models have demonstrated strong capabilities across a wide range of code intelligence tasks. While the majority of existing research prioritizes performance improvements on benchmark datasets, few of them have focused on the internal interpretability of models—how specific neurons affect linguistic features such as syntax and semantics, which is critical for model transparency, controllability, and reliability. Although various neuron interpretability techniques have been developed in NLP, directly applying them to source code yields suboptimal results due to the unique characteristics of programming languages, such as their formal structure, hierarchical organization, and executability. In this work, we empirically investigate the intrinsic mechanisms of code LLMs at the neuron level, aiming to localize both language-specific neurons (i.e., neurons that are selectively responsive to individual programming languages) and concept layers (i.e., feed-forward layers that encode language-agnostic representations of code). Our study employs two state-of-the-art models, Llama-3.1-8B and Qwen2.5-Coder-32B, across five programming languages: C++, Java, Python, Go, and JavaScript. By analyzing neuron activation patterns in response to multilingual code inputs, we investigate the role of individual neurons and the contribution of different layers during output generation. Our empirical findings reveal that: (1) code LLMs contain neurons specialized for individual programming languages, alongside a universal subset that supports general-purpose code generation; and (2) lower layers primarily encode language-specific syntactic structures, while middle layers capture semantic abstractions that generalize across languages, manifesting as concept layers. To demonstrate the practical usability of these findings, we apply our findings to three downstream tasks: neuron-guided fine-tuning for code generation, clone detection using concept-layer embeddings, and transfer learning guided by concept-layer representations for code summarization. Experimental evaluations show that each strategy consistently improves the performance of multilingual code LLMs.
Yin et al. (Tue,) studied this question.