Soil health underpins agricultural productivity, environmental sustainability, and ecosystem resilience, yet its reliable assessment remains challenging due to the complex integration of physical, chemical, and biological processes. Traditional soil health evaluation relies on individual indicators and laboratory-based frameworks such as the Solvita and Haney tests, the Comprehensive assessment of soil health, and the Soil management assessment framework, which, despite their scientific robustness, often suffer from operational complexity and limited site-specific applicability for farmers and practitioners. Recent advances in sensor technologies offer new opportunities for rapid, in-situ, and real-time monitoring of soil properties, enabling improved decision-making for irrigation, nutrient management, and crop production. This review critically synthesizes current concepts of soil health, key indicators and integrative assessment frameworks, and emerging sensor-based approaches for soil health monitoring. We highlight the strengths and limitations of existing methodologies, examine the potential of sensor integration with soil health indices, and discuss future directions for developing farmer-friendly, scalable, and data-driven soil health assessment systems to support sustainable agriculture.
Winssy et al. (Sun,) studied this question.
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