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Vertebrate skin fulfils its protective function mainly in two different ways: (1) the epithelium forms an extremely resistant layer of horny structures (scales, hair, etc.) which are permanently replaced by means of cellular proliferation and maturation; (2) skin has a remarkable ability to respond quickly to all kinds at attack from the environment by an acceleration of cellular proliferation in the epidermis (which leads to a closure of wounds or a thickening of the protective layer) and by a stimulation of other defense mechanisms such as the recruitment of white blood cells as a constituent of inflammatory reactions.
Marks et al. (Sat,) studied this question.
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