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Conventional medical bone implants exhibit severe mechanical mismatch with native bone, which easily induces adverse outcomes including stress shielding and implant loosening. Additive manufacturing (AM) provides a novel strategy to fabricate patient-specific implants with complex geometric architectures. Based on the additive manufacturing of medical bone implants, this paper summarizes the design criteria, structural types, design methods and performance control mechanisms, and deeply analyzes the influence mechanism of structural design on elastic modulus matching, fatigue performance, osseointegration and wear resistance. The research shows that the elastic modulus of implants can be effectively matched to that of native bone and osseointegration can be promoted by accurately regulating the porosity, pore size and topological configuration. The present work provides theoretical guidance for the structural optimization design and clinical translation of high-performance bone implants.
Yu et al. (2026) studied this question.