Classical and quantum mechanics laws are rebuilt in the framework of new thermodynamics: Electrons condense to form the hot protons and cool protons (neutrons), and then construct the nucleus by the thermal difference force. An atom is an adiabatic electron-gas system. Heat is the sum of variations in kinetic energy, system potential, and environmental potential within a system. Force is the heat gradient over distance in the direction of transfer. Two kinds of forces exist between two particles, resulting from the relative thermal difference and the relative difference in volumetric density. Mutual repulsion and attraction simultaneously exist. Interaction doesn’t need a medium. As achievements, a series of concise equations is derived that incorporates spatial parameters, mass, and temperature. Electricity is a nonessential concept. 1) The equilibrium distance of molecular interaction: Lₑ=∛ ( (3π^ (α-1) mA g) / (4NA kT) ) ; 2) the atom structure is built based on the radii of atoms and the temperature of electrons. An atom has only one isothermal orbital. The other are non-isothermal orbits constituting a tetrahedron. Each orbit accommodates 2 electrons with opposite spins; 3) the 1st ionization energies (IE) are close to the kinetic energies of surface electrons, 3/2 kT₀; 4) the strengths of chemical bonds and H-bonds are calculated, e. g. , the strength of O-O: ∆E=2∙3k/2 (2/√3-1) T₀; 5) Light is the heat transfer from a hot electron to a cold electron. The rate of hot electrons determines the velocity, but the rotating rate of the hot molecule determines the frequency. For example, a H2 on Earth transfers heat to a cold particle with velocity, vₑxo=9. 59×〖10〗⁷ sin (πfₑ t) cos (πfₑ t) cos (2πfₚ t). Hence, the energy transfers by piece and piece. It is the so-called wave-particle duality.
Henmei Ni (Wed,) studied this question.
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