Frameworks for causal inference in psychological science

This chapter reviews some of the more recent developments of frameworks for causal inference, using Campbell’s familiar work on validity types and threats as a touchstone from which to examine two alternative frameworks: the potential outcomes framework (Rubin, 1974, 1978; Imbens Rubin, 2015) and structural causal models and their respective graphical representation (Pearl, 2009a; Spirtes et al., 2002; Wright, 1923).