We report a rare case of cholangiocarcinoma with suspected EBV-associated HLH that developed after sequential therapy with an ICI and BRAF/MEK inhibitors. Clinicians should consider HLH as a differential diagnosis in patients with a history of ICI therapy who present with severe unexplained inflammation or shock. Prompt diagnosis and multidisciplinary management are crucial to prevent death.
Shibata et al. (Sun,) studied this question.