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This research explores the structure and licensing of CP-tough constructions in Japanese, focusing on gaps and multiplicity.

April 4, 2026Open Access

Approaching Japanese CP-Toughs from the Viewpoint of Gaps and Multiplicity

Puntos clave

This research explores the structure and licensing of CP-tough constructions in Japanese, focusing on gaps and multiplicity.
Analyzes the structure of Japanese tough constructions.
Identifies gapless CP-tough and multiple CP-tough variants.
Examines the implications of semantic operations in licensing CP-toughs.
Extends analysis to include nP-tough constructions.
Identifies the existence of gapless CP-tough constructions in Japanese.
Demonstrates multiple CP-tough constructions that traditional analyses cannot explain.
Proposes that the licensing of CP-toughs involves free applications of semantic operations.

Resumen

The present study examines the Japanese tough-construction called CP-tough.I argue that the CP-tough in Japanese does not involve movement of a nominative-marked element or a related null operator.Specifically, I point out the existence of what we should call a gapless CP-tough and a multiple CP-tough, which the analysis using movement cannot explain.Furthermore, I propose that the Japanese CP-tough is licensed because Japanese allows free applications of semantic operations like -abstraction.I also show that Japanese has what we should call a nP-tough, and that the proposed analysis can be extended to it naturally.

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