Approaching Japanese CP-Toughs from the Viewpoint of Gaps and Multiplicity

The present study examines the Japanese tough-construction called CP-tough.I argue that the CP-tough in Japanese does not involve movement of a nominative-marked element or a related null operator.Specifically, I point out the existence of what we should call a gapless CP-tough and a multiple CP-tough, which the analysis using movement cannot explain.Furthermore, I propose that the Japanese CP-tough is licensed because Japanese allows free applications of semantic operations like -abstraction.I also show that Japanese has what we should call a nP-tough, and that the proposed analysis can be extended to it naturally.