Across diverse settings of acute and chronic kidney injury, MSC-based therapies act primarily as modulators of early pathogenic cascades rather than curative interventions for advanced damage. Their efficacy critically depends on timing, disease context and micro-environmental conditioning. Increasingly, cell-free strategies based on EVs offer scalable and potentially safer alternatives, supporting the translational development of context-adapted and combinatorial strategies.
Navez et al. (Wed,) studied this question.