What does this research mean for the field?

Climate change exerts a net negative impact on global crop productivity, particularly threatening food security in developing nations, which necessitates the urgent adoption of biophysical, technological, and policy-based adaptation strategies. Novelty: ClaimNovelty.SYNTHESIS. Consensus alignment: ConsensusAlignment.NEUTRAL.

What question did this study set out to answer?

This study examines how climate change affects agricultural systems, focusing on crop productivity and adaptation mechanisms.

May 20, 2026Open Access

Climate Change and Its Effects on Crop Productivity: Challenges and Adaptation

Puntos clave

This study examines how climate change affects agricultural systems, focusing on crop productivity and adaptation mechanisms.
Review of documented impacts across major cereal, legume, and horticultural crops.
Identify challenges for farmers and policymakers.
Evaluate adaptation strategies including technological and policy interventions.
Climate change negatively impacts crop yields across major cereals like wheat, rice, and maize.
Some crops may see temporary yield gains due to elevated CO₂, but the overall impact is detrimental to food security.
Adaptation strategies such as climate-resilient varieties and improved irrigation are essential for resilience.

Resumen

Abstract Climate change has emerged as one of the most critical global challenges affecting agricultural systems and food security. It alters temperature and precipitation patterns, increases the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, shifts pest and disease dynamics, and raises atmospheric CO₂ concentrations. Variations in these climatic parameters exert both direct and indirect influences on crop growth, yield, and the overall stability of agricultural production by altering plant physiological processes, soil fertility, pest dynamics, and water availability. These impacts are particularly severe in developing countries that depend heavily on agriculture for livelihood and food security, as limited access to resources, infrastructure, and adaptive technologies constrains their capacity to cope with climate variability. The reduction in crop productivity due to climate stress has been observed in major cereals such as wheat, rice, and maize, while some crops may experience temporary yield gains in specific regions due to elevated CO₂ levels. However, the overall global impact remains negative, threatening food security and rural livelihoods. Adaptation strategies such as the development of climate-resilient crop varieties, improved irrigation efficiency, soil management, and the adoption of precision farming technologies are essential to mitigate these adverse effects. Additionally, policy interventions promoting sustainable agricultural practices, early warning systems, and farmer education play a crucial role in building resilience against climate shocks. This study explores the mechanisms by which climate change affects crop productivity, summarizes documented impacts across major cereal, legume, and horticultural crops, identifies critical challenges for farmers and policymakers, and reviews adaptation strategies biophysical, technological, institutional, and policy based that can increase resilience. Strengthening adaptation capacity and promoting climate-smart agriculture can help safeguard agricultural productivity, ensuring food security for future generations.

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