Abstract Climate change has emerged as one of the most critical global challenges affecting agricultural systems and food security. It alters temperature and precipitation patterns, increases the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, shifts pest and disease dynamics, and raises atmospheric CO₂ concentrations. Variations in these climatic parameters exert both direct and indirect influences on crop growth, yield, and the overall stability of agricultural production by altering plant physiological processes, soil fertility, pest dynamics, and water availability. These impacts are particularly severe in developing countries that depend heavily on agriculture for livelihood and food security, as limited access to resources, infrastructure, and adaptive technologies constrains their capacity to cope with climate variability. The reduction in crop productivity due to climate stress has been observed in major cereals such as wheat, rice, and maize, while some crops may experience temporary yield gains in specific regions due to elevated CO₂ levels. However, the overall global impact remains negative, threatening food security and rural livelihoods. Adaptation strategies such as the development of climate-resilient crop varieties, improved irrigation efficiency, soil management, and the adoption of precision farming technologies are essential to mitigate these adverse effects. Additionally, policy interventions promoting sustainable agricultural practices, early warning systems, and farmer education play a crucial role in building resilience against climate shocks. This study explores the mechanisms by which climate change affects crop productivity, summarizes documented impacts across major cereal, legume, and horticultural crops, identifies critical challenges for farmers and policymakers, and reviews adaptation strategies biophysical, technological, institutional, and policy based that can increase resilience. Strengthening adaptation capacity and promoting climate-smart agriculture can help safeguard agricultural productivity, ensuring food security for future generations.
Bharti Mahajan (Thu,) studied this question.