Fully self‐gated whole‐heart 4D flow imaging from a 5‐minute scan

PURPOSE: To develop and validate an acquisition and processing technique that enables fully self-gated 4D flow imaging with whole-heart coverage in a fixed 5-minute scan. THEORY AND METHODS: The data are acquired continuously using Cartesian sampling and sorted into respiratory and cardiac bins using the self-gating signal. The reconstruction is performed using a recently proposed Bayesian method called ReVEAL4D. ReVEAL4D is validated using data from 8 healthy volunteers and 2 patients and compared with compressed sensing technique, L1-SENSE. RESULTS: Healthy subjects-Compared with 2D phase-contrast MRI (2D-PC), flow quantification from ReVEAL4D shows no significant bias. In contrast, the peak velocity and peak flow rate for L1-SENSE are significantly underestimated. Compared with traditional parallel MRI-based 4D flow imaging, ReVEAL4D demonstrates small but significant biases in net flow and peak flow rate, with no significant bias in peak velocity. All 3 indices are significantly and more markedly underestimated by L1-SENSE. Patients-Flow quantification from ReVEAL4D agrees well with the 2D-PC reference. In contrast, L1-SENSE markedly underestimated peak velocity. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of highly accelerated 5-minute Cartesian acquisition, self-gating, and ReVEAL4D enables whole-heart 4D flow imaging with accurate flow quantification.