Millets in the global market: a critical review of challenges and opportunities

Abstract Millets, a group of climate-resilient cereals, have been cultivated for over 10,000 years, primarily in arid and semi-arid regions. Recognized for their superior nutritional profile, including high fiber, protein, vitamins, minerals, and bioactive compounds, millets contribute significantly to global food security. Despite their historical significance, millet cultivation has declined due to the dominance of major cereals like wheat and rice, driven by the Green Revolution. However, recent global challenges such as climate change, water scarcity, malnutrition and health awareness have renewed interest in these nutrient-dense grains. This review critically examines global millet production, market trends, consumption patterns, and trade dynamics. India, Niger, and China dominate millet cultivation, collectively accounting for 60% of global production. Emerging markets have witnessed increasing consumer interest in millet-based gluten-free products and functional foods. Government policies and international initiatives, such as India's National Year of Millets (2018) and the United Nations' International Year of Millets (2023), have played a crucial role in promoting millet production and trade. Despite these positive trends, the millet market faces significant challenges, including supply chain inefficiencies, limited consumer awareness, and inconsistent policy support. Additionally, successful case studies demonstrate innovative approaches to overcoming the challenges and fostering millet commercialization. This review highlights the need for investment in value addition, improved processing technologies, and enhanced global marketing strategies. By harnessing these insights, this review provides a strategic outlook on how millets can be sustainably integrated into the global food system, contributing to food security, nutrition, and climate resilience. Graphical Abstract