Sarcopenia: Current Insights into Molecular Mechanisms, Diagnostics, and Emerging Interventional Approaches

With global population aging, muscle atrophy and functional decline—hallmarks of sarcopenia—pose growing challenges to public health and significantly impact the quality of life in older adults. The goal of this review is to present a thorough examination of the most recent developments in the study of sarcopenia, including the development of its pathophysiological mechanisms, diagnostic techniques, and multimodal intervention strategies. Particular attention is given to the role of declining sex hormones, such as testosterone and estrogen, as key drivers of anabolic resistance and muscle loss during aging. The review also addresses the current opportunities and challenges in translating basic research into effective clinical applications. Key focus areas include protein metabolism, mitochondrial dysfunction, chronic inflammation, and neuromuscular junction degeneration. Finally, it outlines future directions for precision classification, early detection, and personalized treatment, aiming to support interdisciplinary collaboration and shift sarcopenia management from reactive care to proactive, targeted intervention.