The intensification of aquaculture practices has brought unprecedented challenges to fish health management, water quality, and disease control. As a sustainable alternative to antibiotics and chemical treatments, the application of probiotics and prebiotics has emerged as a promising strategy in promoting fish growth, enhancing immunity, and improving overall aquaculture productivity. This review critically explores the types and sources of commonly used probiotics (e.g., Bacillus, Lactobacillus, Saccharomyces) and prebiotics (e.g., inulin, mannan-oligosaccharides, β-glucans) and their mechanisms of action, including modulation of gut microbiota, pathogen exclusion, and immune system stimulation. We further discuss the species-specific responses in various aquaculture organisms such as carp, tilapia, catla, and shrimp. The review also evaluates current methods of application (feed supplementation, water treatment, encapsulation), while highlighting the limitations related to viability, formulation, and regulatory safety. Finally, we outline future prospects such as next-generation probiotics, nano-formulated delivery systems, and integration of omics and artificial intelligence (AI)-based tools for precision aquafeed formulation. Overall, this review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of how probiotics and prebiotics can support sustainable and resilient aquaculture systems.
Amir Hamja Mondal (Tue,) studied this question.