Romania’s Energy Strategy – The Balance between Hard Power and Energy Diplomacy

Energy security is a fundamental element of a state’s stability, especially for countries in Eastern Europe, where Russia has consolidated its influence through its energy resources. Romania, located in the Black Sea region, faces specific challenges arising from regional dependence on Russian gas and the associated geopolitical risks. In this context, the application of the smart power concept, developed by Joseph Nye, becomes essential for ensuring national energy security. Energy security is a key pillar of national stability, particularly in Eastern Europe, where reliance on external energy resources can be used as a geopolitical leverage. Romania strengthens its energy security through a combination of hard power strategies (diversification of energy sources, expansion of nuclear capacity, investments in renewables) and energy diplomacy (strategic partnerships with Western states and integration into European energy networks). This article analyzes the measures implemented and the challenges faced, highlighting the need for a balanced approach to reduce energy vulnerabilities.