The extensive distribution of quaternary sediments and the extraction of underground resources in the Yellow River Delta (YRD) have resulted in significant land subsidence, which accelerates relative sea level (RSL) rise and heightens the risk of coastal inundation. This study uses Sentinel-1A (S1A) imagery and the time-series synthetic aperture radar interferometry (TS-InSAR) method to obtain subsidence information for the YRD. By integrating data from groundwater level monitoring wells, hydrogeological conditions, extensometer monitoring, and drilling wells, we analyze the causes of subsidence and the deformation response to the groundwater level changes in the corresponding aquifers. For the first time in the YRD, this study introduces the high accuracy CoastalDEM v2.1 digital elevation model, combined with absolute sea level (ASL) data, to construct a coastal inundation simulation. This simulation maps the land inundation caused by RSL rise along the YRD in different scenarios. The results indicate significant subsidence bowls in coastal and inland regions, primarily attributed to shallow brine and deep groundwater extraction, respectively. The main subsidence layers in inland towns have been identified, and residual deformation has been observed. Currently, land subsidence has caused a maximum elevation loss of 141 mm/yr in coastal YRD areas, significantly contributing to RSL rise. Seawater inundation simulations suggest that if subsidence continues unabated, 12.84% of the YRD region will be inundated by 2100, with 8.74% of the built-up areas expected to be inundated. Compared to global warming-induced ASL rise, ongoing subsidence is the primary driver of inundation in the YRD coastal areas.
Zhang et al. (Sun,) studied this question.
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