Biomechanical Implications of Mass Loading in a Swine Model of Acute Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure

In obesity, excess weight of the chest and abdomen (mass loading) decreases lung volume and can worsen acute hypoxemic respiratory failure (AHRF). We investigated whether positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) fully reverses the effects of mass loading on lung volume and respiratory mechanics in an AHRF swine model. Eighteen Yorkshire pigs were studied: six healthy, eight pre- and post-injury, and four post-injury only. We randomly tested three mass loading conditions: without mass loading, with abdominal loading (6kg weight), and with combined abdominal and chest mass loading (12kg total weight). We performed a recruitment maneuver in each condition followed by a decremental PEEP trial and identified the best-PEEP as that with the greatest respiratory system compliance (CRS). Airway pressure, esophageal pressure, and thoracic impedance by electrical impedance tomography) were continuously monitored. After lung injury, best-PEEP increased with loading. CRS at best-PEEP decreased from 20.6 ± 3.4 ml/cmH2O without loading to 17.7 ± 3.0 ml/cmH2O with abdominal loading (mean difference 2.9, 95% CI 1.6-4.2) and to 14.2 ± 2.8 ml/cmH2O with abdominal and chest loading (mean difference 6.3, 95% CI 5.0-7.7). Any amount of loading decreased end-expiratory lung volume assessed by computed tomography (CT) at best-PEEP and PEEP 3 cmH2O. Combined abdominal-chest loading decreased the vertical lung dimension on CT compared to unloaded and abdominal loading at both levels of PEEP. With mass loading, PEEP did not restore values of CRS and lung aeration to their unloaded values. In AHRF with mass loading, geometrical constraints may limit PEEP efficacy even when optimally titrated.