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September 5, 2025Open Access

Proving vote correctness in the IVXV internet voting system

Key Points

Our solution ensures robust vote correctness verification, even under peak voting conditions.
Benchmarking results indicate that integrating Bulletproofs into IVXV sustains high performance and efficiency.
Switching to elliptic curves significantly optimizes the implementation of zero-knowledge proofs.
The IVXV system can improve its existing encryption methods by adopting new cryptographic alternatives.

Abstract

This paper studies the practical aspects of adding zero-knowledge proofs of vote correctness to Internet voting, specifically to the IVXV system used in Estonia. We discuss various available alternatives and present a concrete instantiation based on Bulletproofs together with implementation details and benchmarking results. As IVXV currently uses the ElGamal cryptosystem with a 3072-bit prime modulus for vote encryption, but Bulletproofs work most efficiently on elliptic curves, a group switching solution is also implemented and benchmarked. Despite all the extra work required, our solution is very performant and well capable of sustaining the load of votes, even during peak vote submission periods.

Proving vote correctness in the IVXV internet voting system

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