We show how two models of provenance can work together to answer basic questions about data provenance, such as “What computed variables were affected by values of variable X?”. Questions like this are central for understanding how data is managed and modified. W3C PROV is a widely used standard for describing the people, activities, and sources that create things like documents, a work of arts, and data sets. PROV associates processes with inputs and outputs, but it does not have a way to describe how data are changed within a process. PROV has no language for program components, like mathematical expressions or joining data tables. Structured Data Transformation Language (SDTL) was designed to provide machine-actionable representations of data transformation commands in statistical analysis software. SDTL describes the inner workings of programs that are black boxes in PROV. However, SDTL is detailed and verbose, and simple queries can be very complicated in SDTL. Structured Data Transformation History (SDTH) bridges the gap between PROV and SDTL. SDTH extends the PROV data model to answer questions about data preparation and management operations not available in PROV.
McPhillips et al. (Mon,) studied this question.