Ferroelectricity in tetragonal polycrystalline ceramics: matrix transformation of electric dipoles

Key Points

• The proposed matrix transformation model describes the relationship between electric dipoles and macroscopic ferroelectricity.
• The theoretical S – E and P – E loops generated by the model align perfectly with experimental data.
• Electric dipoles at the unit cell scale are critical for understanding macroscopic ferroelectric behavior.
• This research suggests new insights into microstructure control for improved ferroelectric materials.