Advancements in Spectroscopic and Microscopic Techniques for Modern Analysis.

Nowadays, different well-established analytical techniques are employed for qualitative and quantitative analysis of a wide variety of samples. The use of instrumentation by chemists is ubiquitous in research. The material properties such as crystal structure, surface state, surface morphology, composition, optical and magnetic characteristics probed is an important step in understanding their chemical and physical performance. These instruments provide information about the surface characterization and structural elucidation of a sample. A detailed description of each instrumentation technique is usually linked with its associated theory, design and application. The study entailed the important factors to consider when selecting suitable instrumentation for analysis, whether destructive or non-destructive and highlighted merits and demerits. The techniques such as Fourier Transformed Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Dispersive X-Ray (SEM-EDX), Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS), X- Ray Diffraction (XRD), UV-Visible Spectroscopy, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy, Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) Spectroscopy are reviewed. These insights will inform the researchers with a useful guide to assist them on the choice the appropriate instrumentation technique for their analytical research