Pathological Mechanism and Targeted Drugs of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

The abnormal activation of immune system leads to a chronic immune-mediated disease called systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in general that attacks the organs of human. In the past, clinical practice often involved treatment with glucocorticoids combined with immunosuppressants. However, many patients still fail to achieve a state of low lupus disease activity (LLDAS) and are also plagued by adverse reactions such as osteoporosis, infections, and premature ovarian failure. Therefore, there is an urgent need for safer treatment regimens with fewer side effects. In recent years, with the development of knowledge into the pathology of SLE, phenomena such as aberrant B cell activation and deregulation of type I interferon (IFN-) have been observed., providing directions for targeted therapy. Through comparative literature analysis, this article reviews the latest progress in mechanism-related studies involving B cells and IFN- in SLE, as well as the research and development of targeted drugs. It covers aspects such as B cell-targeted therapy (e.g., telitacicept), IFN- blockade (e.g., anifrolumab), JAK inhibition (e.g., baricitinib), and IL-6 receptor antagonism (e.g., tocilizumab). It summarizes the mechanisms of action, treatment strategies, clinical applications, and limitations of various new targeted drugs, aiming to provide a reference for personalized management and treatment strategies for SLE.