A Systematic Review of Mental Health Disorders and Interventions in Children: Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Treatment Outcomes

AbstractChildhood mental health disorders are an increasing global public health concern that requires urgent attention. This systematic review combines evidence on prevalence rates, causes, and current intervention approaches for child mental illness. Relevant studies, published between 2010 and April 2025, were found through a thorough search of epidemiological and psychological databases, including PubMed, Scopus, PsycINFO, and Web of Science. In total, sixty-four research studies met the set eligibility criteria and provided data from twenty-four countries. The main disorders studied included depression, anxiety, ADHD, and autism spectrum disorder. Prevalence rates varied widely and were influenced by factors such as age group, diagnostic category, and socio-economic environment. In most datasets, social factors—like poverty, parental mental health issues, and adverse childhood experiences—were commonly linked to increased risk. On the other hand, protective factors included supportive parenting and strong school attachment. Concerning interventions, cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), school-based programs, evidence-based medication, and new digital methods showed varying but significant effects. The review highlights the urgent need for mental health services that are tailored to different cultural groups, leveraging digital technology for broader reach, and seamlessly integrating into educational and community settings.