Industrialization and urbanization have led to increasingly severe discharges of heavy metals and emerging organic pollutants (PPCPs, antibiotics) into water bodies, posing challenges for efficient removal by conventional water treatment technologies. Adsorption has emerged as a core solution due to its simple operation and low cost. Owing to its significant carbon sequestration and emission reduction characteristics, biochar derived from agricultural waste has experienced rapid application growth over the past decade. This review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the performance optimization pathways through biochar modification technologies and their underlying adsorption mechanisms, offering a theoretical basis for overcoming bottlenecks in their engineering application. The study systematically analyzes the regulatory effect of pyrolysis temperature on biochar adsorption selectivity. Concurrently, the necessity of material modification is highlighted by comparing the low adsorption capacity of unmodified biochar. This article elucidates the complex adsorption mechanisms involving synergistic multi-pathway interactions, including physical adsorption, chemical complexation, and ion exchange. It further emphasizes three major challenges hindering current technological applications: the competitive effects of coexisting pollutants, significant gaps in engineering research data (with ~95% of studies confined to laboratory batches), and bottlenecks in regeneration technology . Finally, this study provides an analysis and perspective on future technological development, aiming to offer scientific guidance for realizing the large-scale application of biochar technology for the synergistic removal of complex aquatic pollutants.
Deng et al. (Wed,) studied this question.
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