Succinate is an essential metabolite in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. In mitochondria, succinate holds a unique position connecting the TCA cycle and the electron transport chain (ETC), thereby providing a shortcut path for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production. Beyond this fundamental role in cellular metabolism, succinate is increasingly acknowledged as a key modulator of immune cell function. Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) stabilization, protein succinylation and cell-cell communication mediated by succinate receptor 1 (SUCNR1) are traits induced by succinate. During inflammation, succinate plays key dual roles, culminating in either pro- or anti-inflammatory effects that are tissue- and context-dependent. In this review, we provide a succinct overview focusing on the regulatory role of succinate in innate immune cells, highlighting involved mechanisms and research gaps that represent promising targets for future study.
Atallah et al. (Thu,) studied this question.
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