The state’s obligation under the ECHR to prevent domestic violence and Bulgaria‘s response

Domestic violence remains a serious problem with profound human rights implications. This requires states to have effective legal and institutional frameworks to protect victims and prevent future abuse. This article analyses the state's obligations in the prevention of domestic violence in light of the findings of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR). It is focused on the legislative and policy measures taken in Bulgaria. By analysing case law, comparing legal positions and citing appropriate secondary sources, the analysis outlines the evolution of ECtHR standards regarding state responsibility in domestic violence cases. The article examines reforms in Bulgarian law, particularly those following several high-profile cases that have sparked public debate and engendered pressure for more effective protection measures. Despite significant progress, considerable challenges related to institutional coordination and services for victims are still there. This paper highlights that a proactive, coordinated, and victim-centred approach is needed both to ensure compliance with ECtHR standards and increase the effectiveness of national mechanisms aimed at combating domestic violence.