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This is a Quantitative Study study.

October 3, 2025Open Access

Quantitative Mapping of the Loeb Scale

OTOem Trivedi ALAbraham LoebFlorida Institute of Technology

Key Points

The proposed framework ranks interstellar objects based on their characteristics, enhancing understanding of their origins.
The method draws parallels to Sagan's approach with the Kardashev scale, making classifications more systematic.
With new ISOs likely to be discovered, implementing the Loeb scale may help categorize these objects effectively.
This formalism responds to the increasing number of ISOs expected from the Vera C. Rubin Observatory's observations.

Abstract

The recent discovery of a third interstellar object (ISO) 3I/ATLAS, following 1I/`Oumuamua and 2I/Borisov, has raised questions about the nature and origin of these enigmatic objects. With the Vera C. Rubin Observatory expected to discover dozens of new ISOs over the next decade, it is timely to use a classification scheme for their nature in the context of the recently proposed Loeb scale. Here, we provide a formalism for ranking ISOs quantitatively on the Loeb Scale in analogy to Sagan's formalism for mapping the Kardashev scale based on the energy output of technological civilizations.

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Trivedi et al. (Mon,) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/68e02f3cf0e39f13e7fa26bf https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2509.06253

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