Factors Associated with Insulin Self-Administration Knowledge and Practices Among Hospitalized Diabetes Mellitus Patients in Peshawar, Pakistan

Background: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a rapidly growing chronic condition requiring effective management, including insulin self-administration (ISA). Proper ISA knowledge and practices are crucial for optimal glycemic control, yet gaps remain, particularly in low-resource settings.Objective: To assess ISA knowledge and practices among insulin-dependent DM patients and identify associated sociodemographic and clinical factors.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 116 DM patients at a public hospital in Peshawar, Pakistan. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews and medical records review. Knowledge was assessed using a validated questionnaire based on ADA guidelines, while practices were observed using a structured checklist. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25, applying descriptive and inferential statistics, including Chi-square tests for associations.Results: Of the participants, 50% had average ISA knowledge, 34.5% had poor knowledge, and 15.5% had good knowledge. Regarding practices, 37.1% exhibited poor, 29.3% fair, and 33.6% good practices. Significant associations were found between ISA knowledge and age (p = 0.004), education (p < 0.001), and previous training (p = 0.002).Conclusion: Knowledge and practices regarding ISA were suboptimal, influenced by age, education, and training. Tailored educational programs are needed to improve DM management.